Dear Editor, MULTIPLE sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system and has variety of signs and symptoms and many factors affect its development and progression. MS prevalence varies considerably from high levels in North America and Europe to low rates in Eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, geographical CORRELATIONs between MS and its prevalence rates have been reported worldwide.

Background: Thoracic trauma is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in trauma patients and rib fracture due to blunt trauma to the chest wall is the most common etiology. Objectives: This study analyzed the CORRELATION between rib fractures and prognosis in MULTIPLE trauma patients. Methods: Onehundred eighty-four trauma patients suffering from rib fracture due to the blunt trauma were studied. Demographic data, injury characteristics, rib fracture characteristics, the associated injuries, and injury severity score (ISS) were recorded. The rib fracture was classified according to location (left, right, and bilateral) and level (upper [1st-2nd rib], middle [3rd-8th rib], and lower [9th-12th rib]); it also was categorized as lateral and posterolateral. Results: The rib fractures were posterolateral (69. 6%), lateral (30. 4%), upper (4. 3%), middle (92. 4%), and lower (3. 3%). Patients with posterolateral fracture had significantly more complications leading to airway intubation and more intensive care support, higher ISS, associated with pelvic and clavicular fracture. Upper rib fractures were associated with more length-of-stay (LOS) while lower rib fractures were associated more with abdominal trauma and lumbar/thoracolumbar vertebral fractures. A significant positive CORRELATION was seen between the number of fractured ribs and ISS, hospital, and ICU LOS. There were no complications during a two-month follow-up. Conclusions: Upper rib fractures are associated with severe traumas requiring more hospitalization and ICU support due to the greater surgical and medical complications. Morbidity is higher in posterolateral fractures and these patients need more medical care

Introduction: Depression is the most common mental disorder in patients with MULTIPLE sclerosis which is along with disability, disease recurrence and enormous economic burden. Hence, this study was designed to examine rates of depression in MULTIPLE sclerosis patients and relationship between depression and associated factors.Materials & Methods: A descriptive study was carried out on a total of 110 MULTIPLE sclerosis patients from Iran MS Society applying selected convenient method. Data collection was conducted applying a questionnaire with both individual and disease characteristics related questions as well as the beck depression scale (BDI). The SPSS 16 software version and descriptive inferential statistics were used analyzing data.Results: The data showed that 6% of MULTIPLE sclerosis patients had no depression, and the rest had suffered depression, ranged from mild (46%), moderate (26%) and severe (22%). Examination of the applied variables showed a significant difference for depression associated with education level, frequent disease recurrence and family economic status (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study showed a high rate depression in MULTIPLE sclerosis patients which could jeopardize patient’s health. Hence, a timely diagnosis is recommended for depression treatment through psychiatric periodically examinations.

Purpose: To report a patient with MEWDS.Patient and findings: A 65-year-old man presented with sudden decrease of vision in his right eye. On ophthalmoscopy of the involved eye, numerous small discrete white lesions were detected superficially and deep in the retina around the disc and macula. On visual field examination, enlargement of the blind spot was detected. Fluorescein angiography was unremarkable. On electroretinography, the a-wave was decreased minimally. The patient was followed and after 2 months, significant improvement of visual acuity and visual field was observed.Conclusion: MEWDS is a rare intraocular inflammatory disease of unknown etiology and in contrast to our patient, more frequent in females. The natural course is generally benign with spontaneous disappearance of the lesions and improvement of vision in 6 to 8 weeks.

In MULTIPLE regression analysis, the population MULTIPLE CORRELATION coefficient (PMCC) is widely used to measure the CORRELATION between a variable and a set of variables. To evaluate the existence or non-existence of this type of CORRELATION, testing the hypothesis of zero PMCC can be very useful. In high-dimensional data, due to the singularity of the sample covariance matrix, traditional testing procedures to test this hypothesis lose their applicability. A simple test statistic was proposed for zero PMCC based on a plug-in estimator of the sample covariance matrix inverse. Then, a permutation test was constructed based on the proposed test statistic to test the null hypothesis. A simulation study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed test in both high-dimensional and low-dimensional normal data sets. This study was finally ended by applying the proposed approach to mice tumour volumes data.

Background: The chronicity of MULTIPLE sclerosis (MS) plays a key role in 25% of suicides. Therefore, it is essential to assess the other influential factors in this regard. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts in patients with MS and the correlated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 MS patients referred to the MS Society of Kermanshah, Iran during August-October 2015. Data were collected using a checklist of demographics and patient records, Ifudu comorbidity index, 100-meter walk test, and Beck’ s depression and suicidal thoughts scales. Data analysis was performed using binary logistic regression analysis. Results: In total, 30% of the patients had suicidal thoughts, and 8. 4% had suicide attempts. After adjustment for demographics, the obtained results indicated that illiterate patients (P < 0. 05) and those with a higher depression grade (P < 0. 001) were at a higher risk of suicidal thoughts. Illiteracy, older age at the first diagnosis, and being a housewife or unemployed (P < 0. 05) significantly decreased the likelihood of suicide attempts, while comorbidities, suicidal thoughts, and depression (P< 0. 05) significantly increased the likelihood of suicide attempts. Conclusions: SinceMSpatients are highly prone to suicidal thoughts and even suicide attempts, providing training and preventive psychological interventions are recommended for high-risk cases, such as illiterate patients with challenging jobs, young patients, and patients with comorbidities and depression.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between oil price changes and volatility on stock market, foreign exchange rate, and gold rate, using weekly data from August 2013 to June 2021. First, using the VAR-DCC-GARCH approach, conditional CORRELATIONs between markets are identified and the time series of volatility is extracted. Then, using volatility series, partial and MULTIPLE CORRELATIONs in these markets are investigated using the continuous wavelet and WLMC wavelet approach. The results show that there is a CORRELATION between markets and volatility in oil market can lead to volatility in other markets at different time horizons. The results of the WLMC estimate show that in the event of political uncertainty, WLMC has increased in the short, medium and long term.